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Gender Bias in Diagnosing Personality Disorders

Ever given that Freud, a lot more females than guys sought therapy. Consequently, terms like "hysteria' are intimately connected to female physiology and alleged female psychology. The DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, the bible from the psychiatric profession) expressly professes gender bias: personality problems for example Borderline and Histrionic are supposed to be much more typical amongst girls. however the DSM is rather even-handed: other character issues (e.g., the Narcissistic and Antisocial at the same time as the Schizotypal, Obsessive-Compulsive, Schizoid, and Paranoid) are far more prevalent amongst males.
Why this gender disparity? You can find a few attainable answers:
Perhaps personality issues aren't objective clinical entities, but culture-bound syndromes. In other words, perhaps they reflect biases and value judgments. Some patriarchal societies are also narcissistic. They emphasize qualities for example individualism and ambition, often identified with virility. Therefore the preponderance of pathological narcissism among men. Women, alternatively, are widely believed to become emotionally labile and clinging. This really is why most Borderlines and Dependents are females.
Upbringing and atmosphere, the procedure of socialization and cultural mores all play a crucial function in the pathogenesis of character problems. These views aren't fringe: significant scholars (e.g., Kaplan and Pantony, 1991) claim that the mental well being profession is inherently sexist.
Then once more, genetics may possibly be is at function. Men and women do differ genetically. This may account for the variability of the occurrence of specific personality disorders in women and men.
Some of the diagnostic criteria are ambiguous or even regarded "normal" by the majority on the population. Histrionics "consistently use physical appearance to draw interest to self." Effectively, who doesn't in Western society? Why when a woman clings to a man it truly is labeled "codependence", but when a man relies on a lady to sustain his property, look after his young children, select his attire, and prop his ego it truly is "companionship" (Walker, 1994)?
The much less structured the interview as well as the more fuzzy the diagnostic criteria, the far more the diagnostician relies on stereotypes (Widiger, 1998).
Quotes from the Literature
"Specifically, previous study suggests that exploitive tendencies and open displays of feelings of entitlement will likely be much less integral to narcissism for females than for males. For females such displays could carry a greater possibility of negative social sanctions since they would violate stereotypical gender-role expectancies for females, that are anticipated to engage in such positive social behavior as becoming tender, compassionate, warm, sympathetic, sensitive, and understanding.
In females, Exploitiveness/Entitlement is much less well-integrated using the other components of narcissism as measured by the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) - Leadership/Authority, Self-absorption/Self-admiration, and Superiority/Arrogance- than in males - even though 'male and female narcissists in general showed striking similarities in the manner in which most of the facets of narcissism had been integrated with each other'."
Gender differences inside the structure of narcissism: a multi-sample analysis on the narcissistic character inventory - Brian T. Tschanz, Carolyn C. Morf, Charles W. Turner - Sex Roles: A Journal of Investigation - Problem: May, 1998
"Women leaders are evaluated negatively if they exercise their authority and are perceived as autocratic."
Eagly, A. H., Makhijani, M. G., & Klonsky, B. G. (1992). Gender and the evaluation of leaders: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 3-22, and ...
Butler, D., & Gels, F. L. (1990). Nonverbal affect responses to male and female leaders: Implications for leadership evaluations. Journal of Character and Social Psychology, 58, 48-59.
"Competent women must also appear to become sociable and likable in order to influence guys - men must only appear to be competent to achieve the same results with both genders."
Carli, L. L., Lafleur, S. J., & Loeber, C. C. (1995). Nonverbal behavior, gender, and influence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 1030-1041.