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Frequent Functions of Personality Disorders

Psychology is much more an art form than a science. There is no "Theory of Everything" from which a single can derive all mental wellness phenomena and make falsifiable predictions. Nonetheless, as far as personality problems are concerned, it truly is simple to discern widespread functions. Most personality issues share a set of symptoms (as reported by the patient) and signs (as observed by the mental wellness practitioner).
Patients suffering from character problems have these issues in common:
They may be persistent, relentless, stubborn, and insistent (except those struggling with the Schizoid or the Avoidant Personality Disorders).
They feel entitled to - and vociferously demand - preferential treatment and privileged access to sources and personnel. They typically complain about a number of symptoms. They get involved in "power plays" with authority figures (like physicians, therapists, nurses, social workers, bosses, and bureaucrats) and hardly ever obey instructions or observe rules of conduct and process.
They hold themselves to be superior to others or, in the very least, exclusive. A lot of character problems involve an inflated self-perception and grandiosity. Such subjects are incapable of empathy (the capability to appreciate and respect the needs and wishes of other individuals). In therapy or health-related therapy, they alienate the doctor or therapist by treating her as inferior to them.
Patients with personality issues are self-centered, self-preoccupied, repetitive, and, thus, boring.
Subjects with character problems seek to manipulate and exploit other people. They trust nobody and possess a diminished capacity to adore or intimately share simply because they do not trust or really like themselves. They may be socially maladaptive and emotionally unstable.
No one knows whether personality issues would be the tragic outcomes of nature or the sad follow-up to a lack of nurture by the patient's environment.
Generally speaking, although, most personality problems start off out in childhood and early adolescence as mere problems in private improvement. Exacerbated by repeated abuse and rejection, they then turn out to be full-fledged dysfunctions. Character issues are rigid and enduring patterns of traits, feelings, and cognitions. In other words, they hardly ever "evolve" and are stable and all-pervasive, not episodic. By 'all-pervasive", I imply to say that they influence every single region inside the patient's life: his career, his interpersonal relationships, his social functioning.
Character issues result in unhappiness and are usually comorbid with mood and anxiousness problems. Most individuals are ego-dystonic (except narcissists and psychopaths). They dislike and resent who they're, how they behave, and the pernicious and destructive effects they've on their nearest and dearest. Still, character issues are defense mechanisms writ large. As a result, handful of sufferers with character problems are really self-aware or capable of life transforming introspective insights.
Sufferers with character disorder usually endure from a host of other psychiatric issues (example: depressive illnesses, or obsessions-compulsions). They are worn-out by the have to reign in their self-destructive and self-defeating impulses.
Sufferers with character issues have alloplastic defenses and an external locus of control. In other words: as an alternative to accept duty for the consequences of their actions, they tend to blame other folks or the outdoors globe for their misfortune, failures, and circumstances. Consequently, they fall prey to paranoid persecutory delusions and anxieties. When stressed, they make an effort to preempt (true or imaginary) threats by changing the guidelines on the game, introducing new variables, or by wanting to manipulate their atmosphere to conform to their wants. They regard everybody and every little thing as mere instruments of gratification.
Patients with Cluster B character problems (Narcissistic, Antisocial, Borderline, and Histrionic) are mainly ego-syntonic, despite the fact that they are faced with formidable character and behavioral deficits, emotional deficiencies and lability, and overwhelmingly wasted lives and squandered potentials. Such patients don't, on the complete, uncover their character traits or behavior objectionable, unacceptable, disagreeable, or alien to their selves.
There's a clear distinction amongst individuals with personality-disorders and sufferers with psychoses (schizophrenia-paranoia and the like). As opposed to the latter, the former have no hallucinations, delusions or thought disorders. At the intense, subjects who endure in the Borderline Character Disorder encounter brief psychotic "microepisodes", mostly during therapy. Patients with personality issues are also fully oriented, with clear senses (sensorium), excellent memory as well as a satisfactory basic fund of expertise.